SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE WAHHABIIYAH MOVEMENT

(An excerpt from Vol. XVIII No. 2 (1995) Hamdard Islamicus)
by Talip Kücükcan
(University of Warwick in England, U.K.)
Introduction
The Muslim World witnessed the appearance of several intellectual and religious movements which emanated from different Islamic territories in the 18th and 19th centuries. A number of social, political and religious causes provided motivation for these multifaced movements. Decline of the Ottoman Empire and diminishing authority of the Caliph, growing political and cultural influence of Western powers throughout the Muslim World, moral laxity and superstitious accretions prevalent among believers for long, rising wave of nationalist trends to establish regional and nation states, all of these aforementioned factors and some others inspired new ideas and orientations that occurred in the Muslim World. Among these movements, the Wahhabiyah is of considerable importance as it has long-lasting influence on the other revivalist and puritan movements. The Wahhabi doctrine prompted some of these who had been trying for new reforms which might solve the problems of [the] Muslim World and provide a new understanding of religion.
The Wahhabi Movement
The title Wahhabi was given to the followers of Shaykh Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab by his Muslim opponents. People to whom the Wahhabi name was applied have rejected this opprobrious label. [1] Instead, the Wahhabis called themselves ahl al-tawhid (People of Unity or Muwahhidun), those who profess the doctrine of the Unity of God. [It is not that any section of Islam claims not to be a Mauwahhid (i.e., believer in the Unity/Oneness of God), but merely that the Wahhabis have appropriated to themselves this title.] – Editor
The founder, Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, was born in Uyayna in Najd in 1703. His father and grandfather were Hanbalite qadis, thus he was brought up and educated in this tradition. He studied in famous learning centres – Medina, Basra, Baghdad, Hamadan, etc. – spending many years in travel during which he perused philosophy and Sufism. After having completed his studies, Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab returned to Uyayna where he publicly preached his doctrines and met both success and opposition. The governor of Uyayna was asked to expel Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab as a consequence of disputes caused by his teachings. [2]
Implications of Ibn Taymiyyah’s Views
For Wahhabi Thought
Before examining the doctrines of Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, I would like to analyse the influence of Ibn Taymiyyah on Wahhabi thought. This analysis will throw light on the development of the Wahhabi movement and its doctrinal relation with the teachings of Ibn Taymiyyah who seems to me as a prototype for Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab.
The originator of the Wahhabiyah movement had been a Sufi adept in his youth, but later came under the influence of Ibn Taymiyyah’s writings. Ibn Taymiyyah’s teachings had three main implications for Wahhabi doctrines:
1. Concerning State and Religion: According to Ibn Taymiyyah, the ‘ulama’ are responsible for the protection of the Divine Law. A government is regarded as Islamic by virtue of the support it gives to Islam and to the ‘ulama’. One can accept the rule of anyone who follows the Shariah. This understanding had an important effect on the Wahhabi ideology that accepted al-Sa’ud’s dynasty as a legitimate and hereditary Islamic government after taking refuge in Dariyya, a territory controlled by [the] al-Sa’ud family.
2. Concerning the Sources of True Islam: Ibn Taymiyyah strives for the pure form of Islam in his enduring pursuit of Divine reality like Ibn Hanbal. Ibn Taymiyyah turns to the Qur’an and the Sunnah as the basis of the Divine law, refusing any accretions of later developments after the initial pristine years of the salaf, the first three generations of Islam. He insists on eliminating all the foreign elements which do not reflect the authentic core of Islam and the purity of Islamic teachings. The idea of going back to the Qur’an and the authentic Sunnah with a puritanical attitude ignoring later fiqh schools was adopted and applied by Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab as against the majority of medieval scholars and rejecting ijtihad based on the qiyas (analogy or logical reasoning).
3. Concerning Sufi Doctrines and Practices: In the light of recent scholarly works, Ibn Tayymiyyah is said to have been a Sufi of the Qadiriyyah Order. But he regards the idea of mystical unity with God and ecstatic aspects of Sufism as un-Islamic; therefore he rejects these teachings. It should be noted that he did not reject Sufism itself but denounced intercession, saint veneration and grave cults. [3] Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, inspired from the above notion, developed his doctrine to such an extent that the Wahhabis are said to have opened the Prophet’s mausoleum and sold or distributed its relics and jewels. [4]
Nature of Wahhabi Doctrines
Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab wrote on various Islamic subjects such as theology, exegesis, jurisprudence and on the life of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). His works were collected and published in twelve volumes under the title of Mu’allafat al-shaykh al-Imam Muhammad ‘Abd al-Wahhab by the Islamic University of Imam Muhammad Ibn Sa’ud.
In his works, Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab denounced a number of beliefs and practices prevailing among the Muslim society. He begins his discourse by stressing the unity of God. He underlines the doctrine of tawhid, God’s uniqueness as omnipotent Lord of creation. He stresses the unity of God in deserving worship and absolute devotion of the servants. He regards the associations of persons or things with the Lord as a violation of the doctrine of God’s Oneness. Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab condemns the intercession, tawassul, which was applied and practised by a large number of Muslims during their prayer to God. He warns the believers against showing excessive devotion to saints and against the use of saints’ graves as places of worship for tawassul. He considers these external elements polytheism, shirk. He seeks to purify the Muslim community from any such kind of external elements by returning to the ways of the Prophet (pbuh) and the first generations of pious Muslims. Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab states that the true Islam is that of the first generations (al-Salaf al-Salih) and protests against all those later innovations as superstitious accretions which brought what he calls ‘new gods’ into Islam. As a result of this attitude to Sufi tradition, the Wahhabis felt that it was an obligation upon them to destroy all the existing alien components. Accordingly, they attacked the graves of the Companions of the Prophet (pbuh), tombs of saints, or anything associated with popular veneration like trees or stones. An obvious example of this zealous hatred was seen when the Wahhabis plundered Karbala, a Shi’ia holy city, and destroyed Husayn’s tomb. [5]
Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab rejected all kinds of innovations, defined by him as any doctrine or action not based on the Qur’an, Sunnah or on the authority of the Companions. Among the innovations are practices such as celebrating the Prophet’s birth, the use of rosary, adding minarets and ornaments to mosques, etc. Following practices may lead the believer to shirk according to the Wahhabis:
1. To visit the tombs of saints to gain God’s favour.
2. To introduce a name of a prophet, of a saint or of an angel into prayer.
3. Seeking intercession from any being but God.
4. Interpretation of the Qur’an by ta’wil.
According to Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s system, attendance at public prayer is obligatory, smoking of tobacco is forbidden and subject to punishment, shaving the beard and the use of abusive language are also to be punished.
With regard to fundamental basis of Islam, Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab places a great emphasis on the Qur’an and the Sunnah. He attacks the blind acceptance of authority in religious matters in general, thus comes to oppose the earlier ‘uluma’ who lack independent thinking. He finds it essential to go beyond the medieval authorities to the Sunnah of early generations. Rejecting qiyas, he recognizes only two major authorities: the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) along with the precedents and the ijma’ of the Companions. In Wahhabi mentality, a number of concepts were given a prior importance such as tawhid, shirk and bid’at (innovation) mentioned above.
Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab distinguishes between dar al-Islam and dar al-harb extending the scope of dar al-harb to some other Muslim countries which he regards as having ‘unlawful’ societies. Therefore those who live in dar al-harb where there is no freedom have to perform hijrah, emigrating from every country in which shirk and kufr are apparent. Another usage of hijrah appears in Wahhabi texts as a spiritual understanding which necessitates keeping away from all sinful things, forbidden by God and Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) (Helm, p. 87).
Any kind of political division of the ummah and civil war were regarded as fitnah, social disturbance. The first fitnah appeared under ‘Ali’s Caliphate when the Kharijites left him. Wherever a fitnah occurs, it must be abolished by declaring a jihad, holy war. The followers of Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab had been indoctrinated to believe that the opponents of the Wahhabi cause were enemies of Islam who should be fought against (Yessini, p. 64).
Involvement of the Wahhabis into Politics:
Religion and State
The modern history of Saudi Arabia began in the eighteenth century with the alliance between Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, the founder of the Wahhabi movement, and Muhammad Ibn al-Sa’ud, Amir of Dariyya, son of the founder of the Saudi dynasty. When Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab was forced to leave Uyayna, he went to Dariyya where he was received by the chieftain, Muhammad Ibn al-Sa’ud, in 1745. Muhammad Ibn Al-Sa’ud accepted Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s doctrine and undertook its defence and propagation after having agreed to the conditions that the political sovereignty should rest with Ibn al-Sa’ud, whereas religious authority should belong to Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab. The Saudi-Wahhabi alliance was further cemented by an intermarriage between the two families (Troeller, p. 13).
The Saudi-Wahhabi alliance seems to be a turning point through which the Wahhabi movement gained an official acceptance and confirmation from a strong dynasty that used religious authority of the Wahhabi doctrines as a binding force among the Arab tribes.
One of the significant aspects of this alliance in the formation of Saudi Arabian history was the fact that it led to an effective union of political-military organization and religious ideology which carried out Saudi-Wahhabi expansion. As ‘Abd al-Aziz b. al-Rahman states, all the desert tribes came under the control of [the] al-Sa’ud family obeying their orders and instructions. The Wahhabi doctrines and socio-political teachings of religion enabled [the] al-Sa’ud dynasty to hold their political authority firmly for ruling the nomad tribes successfully.
The Wahhabi ‘ulama’ gave explicit support and approval to the hereditary rule of the al-Sa’ud family, and the Wahhabi shaykhs utilized the concept of equality as a political tool to control the Bedouin tribes by eliminating tribal particularism (Helm, pp. 77-79, 84).
It was principally through the Wahhabi movement that ‘Abd al-’Aziz and the previous Saudi rulers had been able to transcend tribal and urban loyalties while still using their social structure as a basis for political manipulation. Membership of an Islamic community theoretically served to equalize social differentials and as the tribes embraced the Wahhabi doctrine, they came to accept the imamete of al-Sa’ud as leader of a legitimate state validated by Islam (Ibid., p. 113).
As a far reaching effect of this cooperation, the Saudi dynasty firmly established its control in the political arena assuming certain titles indicating temporal power such as amir, haakim and malik, king.
Relations Between the Ottoman Rule
and the Saudi-Wahhabi Dynasty
Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab declared that Islam protected by the Ottoman Sultan was not the true Islam, implying that the sultan was not the legitimate leader of the ummah. The Wahhabis held that the Arabs were worthier than the Turks with regard to imamete or leadership. Thus the authority of the Ottoman rule was rejected and challenged. When the rapid expansion of the Wahhabi movement was reported to Istanbul, the Ottoman Caliph, Sultan Mahmud II, urged Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha, the governor of Egypt, to drive the Wahhabis out of the holy cities. Under the Caliphal instruction, Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha launched a series of military attacks on Wahhabi-controlled territories. In 1818, he reached Dariyya and captured the capital of the Wahhabi-Saudi alliance (Troeller, p. 14).
Although the Wahhabi movement was put down, its expansion did not fade away. After the recovery and restoration of the Saudi dynasty, ‘Abd al-’Aziz, Son of ‘Abd al-Rahman, entered Riyadh in 1901 and the Saudi dynasty regained authority while regions of Najd, Hijaz, Makkah, Madina, and Jeddah were all also occupied. After an international recognition of hereditary authority or kingship of the Saudi family, new developments in the political arena facilitated the consolidation of the Saudi-Wahhabi alliance as a nation state.
Later Developments in the Wahhabi World
The Wahhabi world could not remain aloof from the changing nature of world events and patterns of international relations in the modern era. New developments in different spheres of life rapidly occurred. Today the Wahhabi doctrine is supported by the political power of the state as the official form of Islam in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as it has been from the outset of the Wahhabi-Saudi alliance. The members of the royal family seem to be advocates of the Wahhabi ideology. The mufti and the chief qadi come from the House of Shaykhs. The courts are largely Wahhabi in character. The spread of education and the improvement of communication systems have made it easier to transmit the Wahhabi doctrines to different segments of [the] population.
Under the influence of new developments and toleration of less-strict rulers, the Wahhabis of Saudi Arabia have shown a growing openness towards not only non-Wahhabi Muslims, but also non-Muslims. The Shi’ites of the Eastern regions used to be unwelcome residents in the eyes of the governments, but gradually they have seen their situation improve and the Wahhabi King has been an honoured guest at official functions in Shi’ite towns.
The spirit of tolerance has been extended to Christian persons and powers as well. A large number of Christians have been employed in recent years by the government. The armed forces of Arabia have been trained in the past, first by an English military mission and more recently by one from the U.S.A.
Until recently illustrations showing human face or form were taboo among the Wahhabis, though the Qur’an itself contains no sweeping prohibition of representational art. The press in Saudi Arabia is now allowed to publish photographs and drawings. The attitude toward tobacco is also changing, smoking is no longer regarded as a moral laxity deserving punishment.
The organization of formal education and introduction of secular subjects into education took place in 1925. When ‘Abd al-’Aziz ordered the creation of the Directorate General of Education, the ‘ulama’ were opposed to the introduction of secular education, fearing that it may damage the fabric of the Wahhabi society. Nevertheless ‘Abd al-’Aziz insisted on the establishment of a new educational system and carried out his plan. In the course of time scientific and technical subjects and foreign languages were included in the curriculum. Girls were allowed to have access to public education in 1959. None of these elements could have been accepted during the early period of the Wahhabi movement.
The acquisition of wealth during the past twenty or thirty years posed a serious problem for the Wahhabi society. Particularly under the period of Sa’ud’s rules, the extravagance and ostentation of a very un-Wahhabi-like character tainted the atmosphere of the Saudi Court. Those who claimed that the Saudi family departed from Islam with its wealth, occupied the Grand Mosque at Mecca in 1979, but their revolt was put down by the Saudi rule.
1. George Renz, “The Wahhabis” in A.J. Arberry (ed.), Religion in the Middle East, Vol. II (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 270-285.2. Encyclopedia of Islam (first edition), articles on the Wahhabiyah and Sanusiyah movements, Vol. IV, p. 1087.
3. Christine Moss Helm, The Cohesion of Saudi Arabia (London, 1981), p. 81-82.
4. Gary Troeller, The Birth of Saudi Arabia (London, 1976), p. 14 – footnote: “The statement appears to be based on hearsay.” Ibn Sa’d (Tabaqat, Eng. T.S. Moinal Haq, Karachi, 1972, Vol. II, pp. 392-98) reports that: “The Apostle of Allah (pbuh) left at the time of his death no dirham, no dinar, no slave, no handmaid and nothing except his white mule, arms and a piece of land which he left as sadaqah. His coat of mail had been mortgaged [pawned] for thirty saa’s of barley with a Jew. His debts were paid by Ali b. Talib. The question of leaving behind any jewels does not arise, neither any Muslim dared to add or place something inside his mausoleum.”
5. Ayman Al-Yassini, “Saudi Arabia the Kingdom of Islam” in Carlo Calarola (ed.), Religion and Societies, 1982, p. 64; Troeller, 1976, p. 14.
6. Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (Cambridge, 1983), p. 38.
This entry was written by
sufi786 and posted on
February 25, 2007 at 1:53 am and filed under
" Sheik Abbas proclaimed.,
" as in the hadith of the Great Intercession already me,
" or "Talafis,
" or any other of the ways that have mushroomed in our,
"He will be misguided,
"It is permissible to ask a human being for what he can,
"May my such-and-such wish be accepted,
"Mecca and Media represent the heart of Islam",
"Mecca and Medina represent the heart of Islam,
"Oh Rasul-Allah! Please intercede for me,
"Oh my Rabb! Forgive me for the love of my son Muhammad,
"Prince Abdullah's visit was like a green light for the,
"Sa'ud responded and went to Mecca with his soldiers. H,
"Salafi" forgeries & manipulations,
"The Other Side Of Sufism". This book which I'll call T,
"To call upon the Prophet,
"Wahhabism" represents a serious challenge to the theol,
"salafis" conceal themselves in anonymity,
' while passing by. According to the ijtihad of our ima,
'Abdullah ibn Sa'ud and his accomplices were sent to Is,
'As-salamu 'ala Muhammad,
'He is alive with a life which we cannot comprehend,
'How do you know My Beloved Prophet Muhammad ('alaihi ',
'Is Hadrat Muhammad ('alaihi 's-salam) alive in his gra,
'Oh Adam! You have told the truth! I love Muhammad ('al,
'Oh my Rabb! Forgive me for the love of Muhammad ('alai,
'When You created me,
1221 (1806),
73 sects,
A Repudiation of "Salafi" Innovations,
A WOMAN'S SILENCING IBN 'ABD AL-WAHHAB,
AA Tabari,
AA Tabari" who is unidentified otherwise in the book. I,
ABRAHAM(PBUH). ISHMAEL,
ALLAH,
AMERICAN POLITICS,
AULIA,
Abd al-'Aziz ibn Muhammad,
Abd al-Wahhab,
Abd al-Wahhab al-Sha`rani,
Abdul-Wahhab's His deviant and misleading ways and beli,
Abu Hamid al Ghazzali,
Abu Hanifa and 'Abd al-Qadir al-Geilani .",
Abu Muhammad al-Baghawee,
Abu Yazid al-Bistami,
Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili,
Abu al-`Ala' al-Mawdudi,
According to Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab,
Ad-Dar'iyyah is a region north of the city of Riyad,
Adam ('alaihi 's-salam),
Adam prayed,
After this conversation,
Ahl al-Sunna,
Ahl as-Sunnat wal-Jamaat,
Al-Haramayn refers to Mecca and Medina,
Al-Hijaz refers to the western part of Arabia which inc,
Albani,
Allah and His attributes,
Allah said: Whosoever shows enmity to one of My Friends,
Allah the Exalted said: "AL-HAQQ has come to you from y,
Allah's love,
Allah's servants,
Among these hadiths is the one related by ad-Daraqutniy,
An Essay about the Wahhabi Crimes against Islam and aga,
An-Nasihah ad-Dhahabiyyah li-Ibn Taymiyyah,
Angawi,
Another salient feature of Salafism is an obsession wit,
Arabia,
As-Sahabat al-kiram,
Ash-Sham refers to the area that includes Syria,
Ata' Allah al-Iskandari,
Awliya,
BEGINNING OF WAHHABISM,
BELIEFS,
Besides language and logic it is clear in the hadith of,
Bin Baz,
Blogroll,
British spy,
Brutally persecuted by the puritanical Wahhabis,
But Ibn Sa'ud realized quickly that embedded in this id,
But Muslims in Saudi Arabia face being branded polythei,
By denying the above,
Caliph,
Calling On Someone Other Than Allah,
Certain Sufi practices (Sufis are mystics of Islam),
Chief Mufti of Mecca al-Mukarramah,
Coming (Ityaan and Majee),
Community of Islam,
Concerning Sufi Doctrines and Practices,
Crown Prince Abdullah,
DEVIANT SECTS OF ISLAM,
DEVIL,
DO MUSLIMS WORSHIP AWLIYA? (AL USUL AL-ARBA'A),
Emergence of Saudi Arabia,
Eye (Ayn),
FRIENDS OF GOD,
Face (Wajh),
Fatwas,
First of all: "Haqiqat ul-Haqqani" is an unauthorized w,
Fitnatu-l-Wahhabiyyah,
Follow Madhhabs,
From the preceding presentation of the "Salafi" movemen,
GF Haddad,
GHAZALLI,
GOD,
Ghazali,
Gold Dinar,
HAJJ,
HOLY LAND,
HOLY WATER,
HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE IN SAUDI ARABIA,
Hadrat 'Abbas,
Hadrat 'Ali,
Hadrat 'Umar,
Hadrat 'Umar took Hadrat 'Abbas (radi-Allahu 'anhuma) w,
Hafiz,
Hamza Yusuf,
Hand (Yad),
Haqq,
He who calls to the dead or the living absentees,
His Eminence,
His Rising over His Throne,
Hujjat al-Islam Imam Ghazali,
Human Rights,
I have accepted your prayer and forgiven you.',
I shall declare war on him. My servant draws not near t,
I will intercede for the one who visits my grave with t,
I would surely give it to him,
I would surely grant him it...,
I wouldn't have created you. As you have asked forgiven,
IN REFUTATION OF THE FATWA OF SHEIKH ABDUL AZIZ BIN BAA,
ISLAM,
ISLAMIC RADICALISM: ITS WAHHABI ROOTS AND CURRENT REPRE,
Ibn 'Abdul-Wahhab Alliance With The Su'udiyy Family,
Ibn 'Abdul-Wahhab called upon the princes of eastern Ar,
Ibn 'Abdul-Wahhab innovated deviant and misleading ways,
Ibn Khaldun,
Ibn Taymiyya,
Ibn Taymiyya and his student Ibn al-Qayyim,
Ibn Taymiyya's importance lies in that he was willing t,
Ibn Taymiyyah,
Ibn `Abd al-Wahhab and his Najdi epigones,
Ibn `Abidin,
Ibn `Arabi,
Ibn al-Jawzi,
Ikhwan,
Imaam Ahmad,
Imam Abu Hanifa,
Imam Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi al-Maliki,
Imam Abu Mansur `Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi,
Imam Abu al-Qasim al-Qushayri,
Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal,
Imam Ahmad in his Musnad from Mu`awiya and cited by Ibn,
Imam Dhahabi's,
Imam Fakhr al-Din Razi,
Imam Hamza,
Imam Malik,
Imam Nawawi,
Imam Sayyidina Ali,
Imam Shafi`i,
Imam Shuaiyb al-Arnaut,
Imam ad-Dhahabi,
Imam al-Baghawi,
Imam al-Junayd al-Baghdadi,
Imams and hadith masters,
Implications of Ibn Taymiyyah's Views,
Innovations concerning Islamic Beliefs and Doctrine,
Involvement of the Wahhabis into Politics:,
Islamic Books,
Islamic jurisprudence,
Islamic sect,
Islamic tradition,
Islamism,
Istanbul,
It is further established that the Prophet will be pres,
It is kufr to esteem graves and to ask help [of the dea,
Ja`far (ibn Abi Talib and Zayd,
Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti,
Jeddah,
Jesus(pbuh),
Jordan,
Joy (Farh).so these and their likes are Attributes of A,
Juhayman al-Utaybi,
Keller,
King Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud,
King Saud said You must not stand in front of the shrin,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
LOVE,
Laughter (Dahk),
Lebanon,
Leg (Rijl),
MIDDEL EAST,
MUHAMMAD,
MUHAMMAD(SAWS),
MUSLIMS,
MYSTICS,
Madhhabs,
Many of the shaykhs of Ibn 'Abdul-Wahhab in Medina used,
Mawlana Muhammad Nazim Adil alHaqqani,
Mawlana Sharif Ghalib Ibn Bu Sa'id,
Mawlana Shaykh Nazim al-Haqqani,
Mawlana Shaykhu-l-Islam Ahmad Zayni Dahlan al-Makki ash,
Mecca,
Men of religious attire who were to praise and dissemin,
Men of tasawwuf are in polytheism and disbelief. The mu,
Most of the villages around Medina were set to fire and,
Muhammad 'Ali Pasha (rahimah-Allahu ta'ala),
Muhammad Ibn Al-Sa'ud accepted Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Wahh,
Muhammad's community,
Musaylimah al-Kadhdhab was a blasphemous man who claime,
Muslim Community,
Muslim becomes an idolatrous,
Muslim who visits graves,
Muslims must also take cognizance of the fact that Bin,
Muslims of this early period are referred to as al-Sala,
Mutazila,
Names and Attributes of Allah,
Naqshbandi,
Nature of Wahhabi Doctrines,
Note that the attack of the "Salafis" in their booklet,
Note well that this fundamental and authentic hadith be,
O "Salafis"?,
Oriental Studies,
Osama,
Osama bin Laden and his followers are Sunni Muslims of,
Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda organization,
Ottoman reign,
POLITICS,
PROPHET,
Persian poet,
Philosophy & Religion,
Pilgrimage,
Proofs For Tawassul,
Prophet be an intercessor,
Prophet's grave,
Prophets and Messengers are intermediaries between Alla,
Protestant Islam,
Protestant Islam has explained that the "Salafis" are e,
Psychology,
QURAN,
QURAN. MUHAMMAD(SAWS),
Qadiriyyah Order,
Qur'an and the Sunna,
Qur'an commentary,
Qur’an and Hadith,
RELIGION,
RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE OF SAUDI GOVERNMENT,
RESPONSE,
RIGHT PATH,
ROOTS OF EXTREMISM,
ROOTS OF TERROR,
RUMI,
Radical Salafism,
Rasulullah (sall-Allahu 'alaihi wa sallam),
Refutation of the "Salafi" refutation,
Refuting their statement that "Al-Haqq in the definite,
Rejection of al-Mahdi,
Relations Between the Ottoman Rule,
Reviver of the Sunna,
SAINTS,
SALAFIS THEY BELIEVE NO KNOWLEDGE IS HIDDEN FROM THEM I,
SALAFIS THEY DENY THE STATUS OF PROPHETS AS INTERMEDIAR,
SALAFIS UNVEILED,
SALAFISM,
SAUDI POLICE,
SAUDI PRISON,
SECTS,
SLAFIS THEY THEY QUOTE QUR'AN AGAINST HADITH,
SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE WAHHABIIYAH MOVEMENT,
SPREADING OF WAHHABISM,
SPRITIUAL,
SUFISM,
Sa'ud,
Sa'ud ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz asked an alim of Ahl as-Sunnat,
Sa'ud ordered a treacherous slave of his to demolish th,
Sa'ud sent an assassin after the mujahid when he heard,
Sa'ud sent the looters he raised from the villages to M,
Sahih Bukhari,
Sahih Muslim,
Salaf,
Salaf and Khalaf,
Salafi ideology:,
Salafi" disinformation on tasawwuf,
Salafi" refutation of Imam Ahmad's Ta'wil,
Salafis,
Salafism's hallmark is a call to modern Muslims to reve,
Salafism's message is utopian,
Saudi Arabia,
Saudi Arabia's hardline clerics have adopted a familiar,
Saudi official,
Say: HAQQ has come and falsehood has perished (17:81),
Scholars On Tassawwuf,
Shafi‘i,
Sharif 'Abd al-Muin Effendi accepted being the amir in,
Sharif Ghalib Effendi was in Jidda to raise an army to,
Shaykh,
Shaykh Abu Isma`il `Abd Allah al-Harawi al-Ansari,
Shaykh Hisham Kabbani,
Shaykh Hisham is vice-chairman of Al-Sunna Foundation o,
Shaykh M. Hisham Kabbani',
Shaykh Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Qubrusi al-Haqqani,
Shaykh Muhammad ibn Ja`far al-Kattani,
Shaykh Sulayman and the rest of his shaykhs-- authored,
Shaykh Yusuf al-Qaradawi,
Shaykh `Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani,
Sheik Abbas,
Sheik Mohammed Alawi al-Malki,
Sheikh Bin Baaz' Fatwa,
Sheikh Sayed Hashim al-Rifa'ie of Kuwait,
Shi'iah,
Sidi Muhammed Saâ`id Al Jamal,
Signs of Kharijism,
Some Of The Beliefs Of Ibn 'Abdul-Wahhab,
Spiritual Study,
Such excesses,
Sufi literature,
Sufi saint,
Sufis,
Sufism in Islam,
Sufism in Saudi Arabia,
Sufyan al-Thawri,
Sultan Mahmud Khan 'Adli II (rahmat-Allahi 'alaih),
Sultan al-`ulama' al-`Izz ibn `Abd al-Salam al-Sulami,
Sunni,
Sunni and Shia representatives,
TASAWWUF,
TERROR,
TERRORIST,
THE FIRST WAHHABI MISSION,
THE MASSACRE AND LOOTING OF THE MUSLIMS OF TA'IF,
THE MEANING OF WHERE IS ALLAH? IN THE HEAVEN,
THE MUJASSIMA ACCUSE AHL AL-SUNNA OF TAJSIM !,
THE OTHER SIDE OF SALAFISM,
THE OTTOMANS CLEAR THE BLESSED CITIES OF THE WAHHABITE,
THE PERMISSIBILITY OF CELEBRATING THE MEELAD-UN NABI (s,
THE WAHHABIS IN MADINA,
THE WAHHABITE PERSECUTION IN MECCA,
THEY DENY THE EQUALITY OF ALL HUMAN BEINGS IN ALLAH'S C,
THEY DENY THE STATUS OF PROPHETS AS INTERMEDIARIES BETW,
THEY QUOTE QUR'AN AGAINST HADITH,
TO PRAISE AND ASK HELP OF THE PROPHET,
TO PRAISE AND ASK HELP OF THE PROPHET(sas),
TONY BLAIR,
TOTURE IN SAUDI ARABIA,
Tasawwuf/Sufism in Islam,
Tawassul is asking Allah for goodness by a prophet,
The "Salafis" deny absolutely that Allah gives permissi,
The Methodology Of Ibn 'Abdul-Wahhab,
The Murabitun hate to hear about Mahdi and `Isa,
The Noble Prophet (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) has hi,
The Permissibility Of Visiting The Grave Of The Prophet,
The Permissibility of Asking Allah for Things by Some o,
The Prophet said in the hadith of the Great Intercessio,
The Prophet said: The people were displayed in front of,
The Salafi world view is rigid and Manichaean,
The Scholars Refute Ibn 'Abdul-Wahhab,
The Sufi orders,
The Wahhabis entered Mecca in Muharram 1218 A.H. (1803),
The affliction of envy for Allah's Friends,
The bandits captured Medina after Mecca and plundered t,
The chief of the bandits,
The claim that it is shirk for a creature to say "I am,
The denial of the reality of intercessors on the Day of,
The fighting started between the Wahhabis and the Princ,
The first "Salafi" attack attributes shirk to the expre,
The matter of Ibn 'Abdul-Wahhab started to evidence its,
The radical Salafis raised their heads again in Novembe,
The term "Salafi" was revived as a slogan and movement,
The three Wahhabis who repented of their beliefs ratifi,
The way of Truth is the Way of the People of the Prophe,
The words istighatha,
The work of the mujtahid Imams of Sacred Law,
The world,
There were so many villages burnt and Muslims killed th,
They announced that they would kill those who would vis,
They stayed in Mecca and Medina and did not let the pil,
This group has been condemned by hundreds of scholars o,
This is another one of the fundamental "Salafi" tenets,
Those who believe so claim that it is grave polytheism,
U.K,
U.K politics,
U.S politics,
UNITED KINGDOM,
Ulama,
Uthaymin,
WAR ON TERRORISM,
WARN YOUR BRETHREN OF THE "SALAFI" SECT,
WHABISM,
WHO ARE THE "SALAFIS"?,
Wahhabi Shaykh's views of the Shaykh:Murid [i.e. teache,
Wahhabi doctrines,
Wahhabi in character,
Wahhabi-Saudi alliance,
Wahhabis,
Wahhabism,
We should ask these people who regard the actions of th,
Western secular capitalism,
What is Sufism?,
When the 'ulama' of Ahl as-Sunnat silenced the Wahhabis,
Who needs the Imams of Sacred Law when we have the Qur,
Who or what is a Salafi? Is their approach valid?:,
Why Muslims Follow Madhhabs,
Why can’t we take our Islam from the word of Allah an,
Zakariyya ibn Muhammad Ansari,
`Ukkasha ibn Mihsan stood up (qama ilayhi) and said to,
a refutation of the slanderous booklet entitled "the Ot,
according to the Salafis,
al-Bayhaqis al-Asma wal-Sifat,
al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi,
al-Qasim ibn `Uthman al-Ju`i,
al-`Izz b. `Abd al-Salam b. Ahmad b. `Anim al-Maqdisi,
all the Muslims had died as disbelievers or polytheists,
although the Imams of the Sunna have said that he who c,
among latter-day Muslims,
an attempt to camouflage their actual enormities by acc,
and Ahmad,
and My servant continues to draw near to Me with supere,
and Palestine,
and Sa'ud,
and a manifest Messenger" (43:29); "They gave AL-HAQQ t,
and another Prophet passed by alone. And then I looked,
and another Prophet passing by with only a small group,
and another Prophet passing by with only five (persons),
and another Prophet passing by with only ten (persons),
and dishonest sympathizers of the group that will maint,
and each Prophet advises them to seek another Prophet a,
and he confirms that he is able to fulfill their reques,
and he will misguide those for whom Allah willed the mi,
and his Companions,
and his foot with which he walks. Were he to ask someth,
and his prayer was accepted,
and in the hadith in Bukhari: "And Muhammad is HAQQ.".,
and is then given permission to bring out people from t,
and it is Islamically lawful (halal) to shed his blood,
and it is incumbent on Muslims to be certain that they,
and it was not permissible to bury those who became Wah,
and performing the tawassul(5) by him as shirk(6). Addi,
and presents the views of the anti-Sufi movement known,
and that those who did not come would suffer the "Wahha,
and the Descent to the Lowest Heaven,
and their propagandists,
and there are seventy thousand of them in front of them,
and they relied solely upon their Lord." On hearing thi,
and this is kufr. The fact that they label Naqshbandis,
and we seek refuge in Allah from misguidance.,
and were he to ask refuge in Me,
another crime punishable by death,
approximately a hundred years ago,
aqidah of Ahlus-s-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah,
are condemned by the Salafis as diminishing true belief,
as a system of belief and governance,
as soon as I lifted up my head I saw La ilaha illa 'lla,
as they call themselves,
asks the dead for help and intercession or says,
attributed to Shaykh Nazim but in actuality written abo,
barely considered citizens. It's still illegal to posse,
because,
because they do not expect any more good to come from t,
becomes a polytheist,
bid'a groups,
bid`a or innovation,
bin laden,
book called,
but look towards the horizon." I looked and saw a very,
but shrines,
but walk away and say only,
buy or sell this book many years ago and instructed tha,
by the followers of Muhammad Abduh (the student of Jama,
by which he referred to the real Muslims.,
by which they believe that there is no knowledge in all,
childish rulings of the "Salafis.",
congregation of Muslims,
dhikr,
doctrine,
during which I have sometimes heard the question: "Who,
ego's love,
etc,
etc. Should this not be his first duty as the Head of D,
etter that al-Hafiz Imam ad-Dhahabi,
extremist,
extremist sect,
fana,
fiqh,
flagrant attack on the Imaan and Aqeeda of Sunni Muslim,
for it is easy to deny the intercession of everybody el,
four madhhabs of fiqh,
fuqaha,
gave up demolishing Hadrat Hamza's shrine,
gnostics,
great Imams of islam,
great scholars,
great scholars of Islam,
grossly biased,
had been banned by Saudi Arabia's conservative religiou,
hadith (a collection of the sayings of the prophet),
has been the object of my research for some years now,
he Caliph of the Muslims,
he Decisive Answer to the Lost "Salafi",
he claims that the prophets and awliya' do not feel or,
he falsely claimed visiting the graves of other prophet,
he father of mankind,
he is a jahil and ignoramus. Yet the "Salafis" say in t,
his Family,
his children and of ash-Shafi'i,
his father,
his hand with which he strikes,
his seeing with which he sees,
horrified the wider Muslim world leading the Ottoman Su,
horseracing,
if they argue for their preservation.,
imams of islam,
in 1930,
in view of the Wahhabis,
in youthful,
including the declaration of fellow Muslims to be infid,
insha Allah there should not remain even the slightest,
instead of taking it from the madhhabs or "schools of j,
intercedes,
intercession,
intercession of Rasulullah ('alaihi 's-salam),
intermediary (wasita) for Allahu ta'ala's granting the,
is unequivocally divided between the domains of belief,
istighatha,
istishfa' and tawassul all mean 'asking for wasita or w,
it is permissible to mention the names of awliya' when,
its adherents seeking to transform completely the Musli,
its basic claim was that the religion had not been prop,
jurists,
kING saud went on demolishing the remaining graves belo,
killing every last one in a bloody battle in the Makkan,
knowledge of Allah and His attributes,
knowledge of fiqh or "Islamic jurisprudence",
led a revolt in Makkah that seized control of the Great,
make Prophet Muhammad a wasila,
make him one of them." Then another man stood up (qama,
may Allah be please with him,
may Allah raise his rank,
middel east politics,
misrepresentation of Tasawwuf,
mufti of Cyprus and world head of the Naqshbandi Tariqa,
mujtahid Imams,
mushrik,
nafs,
no doubt that Tasawwuf is part of Islam,
nor can any of the information in it be attributed to h,
nor to see auguries and omens in birds,
of whose beliefs and teachings the majority of Muslims,
one becomes a polytheists.,
otherwise known as the Ikhwan,
polytheist,
prophets or walis,
puritanical Wahhabis,
reproduce,
revisionist fashion,
righteous believer,
sacred law,
said,
salafis CHANGE THE WORDING OF THE QUR'AN TO PASS ANTHR,
salafis DENY THE IMPENDENCY OF THE LAST DAY,
salafis THEY CLAIM NAQSHBANDIS COMMIT SHIRK BUT THEY TH,
salafis THEY DENY THE EQUALITY OF ALL HUMAN BEINGS IN A,
salafism Like similar movemand themselveents that have,
sall-Allahu 'alaihi wa sallam,
sallallahu `alayhi wa sallam,
sama,
sects of islam,
seeking to rely upon him for intercession,
self-purification,
self-purification and tasawwuf in Islam,
sent a written order to the Governor of Egypt,
shariah,
should eventually dominate the globe,
since it has been clearly and decisively proven to be j,
so I asked Gabriel: "Are these people my followers?" He,
some over-eager admirers did not accept this and contin,
specifically "waves upon waves of people,
spirituality,
stranglehold Saudi Arabia's clerics,
such as gambling,
such as visiting the graves of great Sufi masters,
sufi,
sufi saints,
sunnah,
tasawwuf in Islam,
terrorism,
the "Salafis" have put a limit on Allah's power to gran,
the 'ulama' of Mecca prepared and signed a declaration,
the Muslims' cries and entreaties made him give up,
the Noble Prophet (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) replie,
the Saudi authorities attacked al-Utaybi and his follow,
the filthy,
the other being that it means the Qur'an. Allah also sa,
the people of Mecca and Medina were not worshiping Alla,
the scholars--even his brother,
these masses started to believe that whoever does not b,
they expose themselves by the fact that although they c,
they mean that if one calls even Rasulullah (sall-Allah,
thinking that his blessed soul is present (hadir),
this much respect is sufficient for the Prophet.",
those who deduce shari‘a rulings from Qur’an and ha,
to punish the bandits.,
to which no address or location is given.,
torture and death. They became servants and slaves to S,
until recently,
views of many respected scholars revealing the deviatio,
views of the anti-Sufi movement known as Wahhabism or a,
wali,
wasila,
when he was brought down onto the earth,
when performing tawassul by the Prophet is shirk." He p,
whether they be angels,
which are divinely protected from error,
which had been collected in the Khazinat an-Nabawiyya (,
which is their denial of the status of Prophets as inte,
who had been appointed by the honored Muslim Sultan as,
who had murdered thousands of Muslims were hung in fron,
who ruthlessly massacred Muslims in order to disseminat,
with the directive to spread Islam among nonMuslims.,
with the pious Salaf:,
world politics,
would suffer the "Wahhabite justice",
wrote to Ibn Taymiyyah when he realized that his former,
yet he had its door removed. After supervising the oper with tags
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
Muhammad Ibn Al-Sa'ud accepted Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Wahh,
SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE WAHHABIIYAH MOVEMENT,
Wahhabi doctrines,
Wahhabi in character,
Wahhabi-Saudi alliance. Bookmark the
permalink. Follow any comments here with the
RSS feed for this post.
Post a comment or leave a trackback:
Trackback URL.
SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE WAHHABIIYAH MOVEMENT
(An excerpt from Vol. XVIII No. 2 (1995) Hamdard Islamicus)
by Talip Kücükcan
(University of Warwick in England, U.K.)
Introduction
The Muslim World witnessed the appearance of several intellectual and religious movements which emanated from different Islamic territories in the 18th and 19th centuries. A number of social, political and religious causes provided motivation for these multifaced movements. Decline of the Ottoman Empire and diminishing authority of the Caliph, growing political and cultural influence of Western powers throughout the Muslim World, moral laxity and superstitious accretions prevalent among believers for long, rising wave of nationalist trends to establish regional and nation states, all of these aforementioned factors and some others inspired new ideas and orientations that occurred in the Muslim World. Among these movements, the Wahhabiyah is of considerable importance as it has long-lasting influence on the other revivalist and puritan movements. The Wahhabi doctrine prompted some of these who had been trying for new reforms which might solve the problems of [the] Muslim World and provide a new understanding of religion.
The Wahhabi Movement
The title Wahhabi was given to the followers of Shaykh Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab by his Muslim opponents. People to whom the Wahhabi name was applied have rejected this opprobrious label. [1] Instead, the Wahhabis called themselves ahl al-tawhid (People of Unity or Muwahhidun), those who profess the doctrine of the Unity of God. [It is not that any section of Islam claims not to be a Mauwahhid (i.e., believer in the Unity/Oneness of God), but merely that the Wahhabis have appropriated to themselves this title.] – Editor
The founder, Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, was born in Uyayna in Najd in 1703. His father and grandfather were Hanbalite qadis, thus he was brought up and educated in this tradition. He studied in famous learning centres – Medina, Basra, Baghdad, Hamadan, etc. – spending many years in travel during which he perused philosophy and Sufism. After having completed his studies, Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab returned to Uyayna where he publicly preached his doctrines and met both success and opposition. The governor of Uyayna was asked to expel Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab as a consequence of disputes caused by his teachings. [2]
Implications of Ibn Taymiyyah’s Views
For Wahhabi Thought
Before examining the doctrines of Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, I would like to analyse the influence of Ibn Taymiyyah on Wahhabi thought. This analysis will throw light on the development of the Wahhabi movement and its doctrinal relation with the teachings of Ibn Taymiyyah who seems to me as a prototype for Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab.
The originator of the Wahhabiyah movement had been a Sufi adept in his youth, but later came under the influence of Ibn Taymiyyah’s writings. Ibn Taymiyyah’s teachings had three main implications for Wahhabi doctrines:
1. Concerning State and Religion: According to Ibn Taymiyyah, the ‘ulama’ are responsible for the protection of the Divine Law. A government is regarded as Islamic by virtue of the support it gives to Islam and to the ‘ulama’. One can accept the rule of anyone who follows the Shariah. This understanding had an important effect on the Wahhabi ideology that accepted al-Sa’ud’s dynasty as a legitimate and hereditary Islamic government after taking refuge in Dariyya, a territory controlled by [the] al-Sa’ud family.
2. Concerning the Sources of True Islam: Ibn Taymiyyah strives for the pure form of Islam in his enduring pursuit of Divine reality like Ibn Hanbal. Ibn Taymiyyah turns to the Qur’an and the Sunnah as the basis of the Divine law, refusing any accretions of later developments after the initial pristine years of the salaf, the first three generations of Islam. He insists on eliminating all the foreign elements which do not reflect the authentic core of Islam and the purity of Islamic teachings. The idea of going back to the Qur’an and the authentic Sunnah with a puritanical attitude ignoring later fiqh schools was adopted and applied by Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab as against the majority of medieval scholars and rejecting ijtihad based on the qiyas (analogy or logical reasoning).
3. Concerning Sufi Doctrines and Practices: In the light of recent scholarly works, Ibn Tayymiyyah is said to have been a Sufi of the Qadiriyyah Order. But he regards the idea of mystical unity with God and ecstatic aspects of Sufism as un-Islamic; therefore he rejects these teachings. It should be noted that he did not reject Sufism itself but denounced intercession, saint veneration and grave cults. [3] Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, inspired from the above notion, developed his doctrine to such an extent that the Wahhabis are said to have opened the Prophet’s mausoleum and sold or distributed its relics and jewels. [4]
Nature of Wahhabi Doctrines
Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab wrote on various Islamic subjects such as theology, exegesis, jurisprudence and on the life of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). His works were collected and published in twelve volumes under the title of Mu’allafat al-shaykh al-Imam Muhammad ‘Abd al-Wahhab by the Islamic University of Imam Muhammad Ibn Sa’ud.
In his works, Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab denounced a number of beliefs and practices prevailing among the Muslim society. He begins his discourse by stressing the unity of God. He underlines the doctrine of tawhid, God’s uniqueness as omnipotent Lord of creation. He stresses the unity of God in deserving worship and absolute devotion of the servants. He regards the associations of persons or things with the Lord as a violation of the doctrine of God’s Oneness. Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab condemns the intercession, tawassul, which was applied and practised by a large number of Muslims during their prayer to God. He warns the believers against showing excessive devotion to saints and against the use of saints’ graves as places of worship for tawassul. He considers these external elements polytheism, shirk. He seeks to purify the Muslim community from any such kind of external elements by returning to the ways of the Prophet (pbuh) and the first generations of pious Muslims. Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab states that the true Islam is that of the first generations (al-Salaf al-Salih) and protests against all those later innovations as superstitious accretions which brought what he calls ‘new gods’ into Islam. As a result of this attitude to Sufi tradition, the Wahhabis felt that it was an obligation upon them to destroy all the existing alien components. Accordingly, they attacked the graves of the Companions of the Prophet (pbuh), tombs of saints, or anything associated with popular veneration like trees or stones. An obvious example of this zealous hatred was seen when the Wahhabis plundered Karbala, a Shi’ia holy city, and destroyed Husayn’s tomb. [5]
Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab rejected all kinds of innovations, defined by him as any doctrine or action not based on the Qur’an, Sunnah or on the authority of the Companions. Among the innovations are practices such as celebrating the Prophet’s birth, the use of rosary, adding minarets and ornaments to mosques, etc. Following practices may lead the believer to shirk according to the Wahhabis:
1. To visit the tombs of saints to gain God’s favour.
2. To introduce a name of a prophet, of a saint or of an angel into prayer.
3. Seeking intercession from any being but God.
4. Interpretation of the Qur’an by ta’wil.
According to Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s system, attendance at public prayer is obligatory, smoking of tobacco is forbidden and subject to punishment, shaving the beard and the use of abusive language are also to be punished.
With regard to fundamental basis of Islam, Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab places a great emphasis on the Qur’an and the Sunnah. He attacks the blind acceptance of authority in religious matters in general, thus comes to oppose the earlier ‘uluma’ who lack independent thinking. He finds it essential to go beyond the medieval authorities to the Sunnah of early generations. Rejecting qiyas, he recognizes only two major authorities: the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) along with the precedents and the ijma’ of the Companions. In Wahhabi mentality, a number of concepts were given a prior importance such as tawhid, shirk and bid’at (innovation) mentioned above.
Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab distinguishes between dar al-Islam and dar al-harb extending the scope of dar al-harb to some other Muslim countries which he regards as having ‘unlawful’ societies. Therefore those who live in dar al-harb where there is no freedom have to perform hijrah, emigrating from every country in which shirk and kufr are apparent. Another usage of hijrah appears in Wahhabi texts as a spiritual understanding which necessitates keeping away from all sinful things, forbidden by God and Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) (Helm, p. 87).
Any kind of political division of the ummah and civil war were regarded as fitnah, social disturbance. The first fitnah appeared under ‘Ali’s Caliphate when the Kharijites left him. Wherever a fitnah occurs, it must be abolished by declaring a jihad, holy war. The followers of Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab had been indoctrinated to believe that the opponents of the Wahhabi cause were enemies of Islam who should be fought against (Yessini, p. 64).
Involvement of the Wahhabis into Politics:
Religion and State
The modern history of Saudi Arabia began in the eighteenth century with the alliance between Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, the founder of the Wahhabi movement, and Muhammad Ibn al-Sa’ud, Amir of Dariyya, son of the founder of the Saudi dynasty. When Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab was forced to leave Uyayna, he went to Dariyya where he was received by the chieftain, Muhammad Ibn al-Sa’ud, in 1745. Muhammad Ibn Al-Sa’ud accepted Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s doctrine and undertook its defence and propagation after having agreed to the conditions that the political sovereignty should rest with Ibn al-Sa’ud, whereas religious authority should belong to Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab. The Saudi-Wahhabi alliance was further cemented by an intermarriage between the two families (Troeller, p. 13).
The Saudi-Wahhabi alliance seems to be a turning point through which the Wahhabi movement gained an official acceptance and confirmation from a strong dynasty that used religious authority of the Wahhabi doctrines as a binding force among the Arab tribes.
One of the significant aspects of this alliance in the formation of Saudi Arabian history was the fact that it led to an effective union of political-military organization and religious ideology which carried out Saudi-Wahhabi expansion. As ‘Abd al-Aziz b. al-Rahman states, all the desert tribes came under the control of [the] al-Sa’ud family obeying their orders and instructions. The Wahhabi doctrines and socio-political teachings of religion enabled [the] al-Sa’ud dynasty to hold their political authority firmly for ruling the nomad tribes successfully.
The Wahhabi ‘ulama’ gave explicit support and approval to the hereditary rule of the al-Sa’ud family, and the Wahhabi shaykhs utilized the concept of equality as a political tool to control the Bedouin tribes by eliminating tribal particularism (Helm, pp. 77-79, 84).
It was principally through the Wahhabi movement that ‘Abd al-’Aziz and the previous Saudi rulers had been able to transcend tribal and urban loyalties while still using their social structure as a basis for political manipulation. Membership of an Islamic community theoretically served to equalize social differentials and as the tribes embraced the Wahhabi doctrine, they came to accept the imamete of al-Sa’ud as leader of a legitimate state validated by Islam (Ibid., p. 113).
As a far reaching effect of this cooperation, the Saudi dynasty firmly established its control in the political arena assuming certain titles indicating temporal power such as amir, haakim and malik, king.
Relations Between the Ottoman Rule
and the Saudi-Wahhabi Dynasty
Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab declared that Islam protected by the Ottoman Sultan was not the true Islam, implying that the sultan was not the legitimate leader of the ummah. The Wahhabis held that the Arabs were worthier than the Turks with regard to imamete or leadership. Thus the authority of the Ottoman rule was rejected and challenged. When the rapid expansion of the Wahhabi movement was reported to Istanbul, the Ottoman Caliph, Sultan Mahmud II, urged Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha, the governor of Egypt, to drive the Wahhabis out of the holy cities. Under the Caliphal instruction, Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha launched a series of military attacks on Wahhabi-controlled territories. In 1818, he reached Dariyya and captured the capital of the Wahhabi-Saudi alliance (Troeller, p. 14).
Although the Wahhabi movement was put down, its expansion did not fade away. After the recovery and restoration of the Saudi dynasty, ‘Abd al-’Aziz, Son of ‘Abd al-Rahman, entered Riyadh in 1901 and the Saudi dynasty regained authority while regions of Najd, Hijaz, Makkah, Madina, and Jeddah were all also occupied. After an international recognition of hereditary authority or kingship of the Saudi family, new developments in the political arena facilitated the consolidation of the Saudi-Wahhabi alliance as a nation state.
Later Developments in the Wahhabi World
The Wahhabi world could not remain aloof from the changing nature of world events and patterns of international relations in the modern era. New developments in different spheres of life rapidly occurred. Today the Wahhabi doctrine is supported by the political power of the state as the official form of Islam in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as it has been from the outset of the Wahhabi-Saudi alliance. The members of the royal family seem to be advocates of the Wahhabi ideology. The mufti and the chief qadi come from the House of Shaykhs. The courts are largely Wahhabi in character. The spread of education and the improvement of communication systems have made it easier to transmit the Wahhabi doctrines to different segments of [the] population.
Under the influence of new developments and toleration of less-strict rulers, the Wahhabis of Saudi Arabia have shown a growing openness towards not only non-Wahhabi Muslims, but also non-Muslims. The Shi’ites of the Eastern regions used to be unwelcome residents in the eyes of the governments, but gradually they have seen their situation improve and the Wahhabi King has been an honoured guest at official functions in Shi’ite towns.
The spirit of tolerance has been extended to Christian persons and powers as well. A large number of Christians have been employed in recent years by the government. The armed forces of Arabia have been trained in the past, first by an English military mission and more recently by one from the U.S.A.
Until recently illustrations showing human face or form were taboo among the Wahhabis, though the Qur’an itself contains no sweeping prohibition of representational art. The press in Saudi Arabia is now allowed to publish photographs and drawings. The attitude toward tobacco is also changing, smoking is no longer regarded as a moral laxity deserving punishment.
The organization of formal education and introduction of secular subjects into education took place in 1925. When ‘Abd al-’Aziz ordered the creation of the Directorate General of Education, the ‘ulama’ were opposed to the introduction of secular education, fearing that it may damage the fabric of the Wahhabi society. Nevertheless ‘Abd al-’Aziz insisted on the establishment of a new educational system and carried out his plan. In the course of time scientific and technical subjects and foreign languages were included in the curriculum. Girls were allowed to have access to public education in 1959. None of these elements could have been accepted during the early period of the Wahhabi movement.
The acquisition of wealth during the past twenty or thirty years posed a serious problem for the Wahhabi society. Particularly under the period of Sa’ud’s rules, the extravagance and ostentation of a very un-Wahhabi-like character tainted the atmosphere of the Saudi Court. Those who claimed that the Saudi family departed from Islam with its wealth, occupied the Grand Mosque at Mecca in 1979, but their revolt was put down by the Saudi rule.
3. Christine Moss Helm, The Cohesion of Saudi Arabia (London, 1981), p. 81-82.
4. Gary Troeller, The Birth of Saudi Arabia (London, 1976), p. 14 – footnote: “The statement appears to be based on hearsay.” Ibn Sa’d (Tabaqat, Eng. T.S. Moinal Haq, Karachi, 1972, Vol. II, pp. 392-98) reports that: “The Apostle of Allah (pbuh) left at the time of his death no dirham, no dinar, no slave, no handmaid and nothing except his white mule, arms and a piece of land which he left as sadaqah. His coat of mail had been mortgaged [pawned] for thirty saa’s of barley with a Jew. His debts were paid by Ali b. Talib. The question of leaving behind any jewels does not arise, neither any Muslim dared to add or place something inside his mausoleum.”
5. Ayman Al-Yassini, “Saudi Arabia the Kingdom of Islam” in Carlo Calarola (ed.), Religion and Societies, 1982, p. 64; Troeller, 1976, p. 14.
6. Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (Cambridge, 1983), p. 38.